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Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation (e.g. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation.Ĭonventional gear/belt transmissions are not the only mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, which drive the wheels. In motor vehicles, the transmission generally is connected to the engine crankshaft via a flywheel or clutch or fluid coupling, partly because internal combustion engines cannot run below a particular speed. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output. Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided. This switching may be done manually (by the operator) or automatically (by a control unit). Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios (or simply "gears") with the ability to switch between them as the speed varies. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted.
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The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. In America the term is sometimes used in casual speech to refer more specifically to the gearbox alone, and detailed usage differs. The term transmission properly refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive vehicles), differential, and final drive shafts. Often the term 5-speed transmission refers simply to the gearbox, that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque block conversions from a rotating power source to another device. A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of power.